On April 3-5, 2025, the ancient Silk Road city of Samarkand will host the first summit between the leaders of the European Union and five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).

The Samarkand Climate Forum 2025 will also be held on these days.

The EU will be represented by the President of the European Council António Costa and the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen.

The meeting will be hosted by the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev.

The summit will be held at the Silk Road Samarkand Congress Center.

Samarkand is ready for the up-coming EU-Central Asian summit yazısı ilk önce Basın Milletin Hür sesidir üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

Yunan ve Hint Medeniyeti Etkileşimi

Ahmet Coşkunaydın

Geçmişleri ve etkileşimleri yıllar
öncesine dayanan Hindistan ile Yunan
Medeniyeti ve günümüze etkileri ele
alındı. Bu konuda çalışmalar tanınmış
Yunanlı Profesör ve Hindistan uzmanı
Vasileios Syros tarafından hayata
geçirildi. Aşağıda, bu çalışamayı

izliyorsunuz:

ANTİK YUNANİSTAN’IN

HİNT STRATEJİK DÜŞÜNCESİ VE
DEVLET SANATINI NASIL

ETKİLEDİĞİ

VASİLEİOS SİROS

Son yıllarda, özellikle antik çağlarda,
Hindistan’;ın yerel stratejik düşüncesini

ve devlet sanatını yeniden
canlandırmak veya yeniden

değerlendirmek için çeşitli girişimler
oldu. Böyle bir çaba, yalnızca çeşitli
kaynakların ve kanıtların dikkatli bir
şekilde incelenmesini değil, aynı
zamanda Hint alt kıtasında ortaya
çıkan siyasi ve askeri liderlik
modellerinin dışsal faktörlerle
etkileşime girme biçimlerinin
araştırılmasını da gerektirir.

İskender’in Hindistan’a yaptığı sefer,
Yunan etkisinin dayanak noktası olarak
hizmet etti, Yunan yerleşimlerinin
yayılmasına yol açtı ve ticarete yeni bir
ivme kazandırdı. Yunan ve Hint

medeniyetlerinin birleşmesini teşvik
etti ve bunun güçlü bir tezahürü
Gandhara sanat okuludur. İskender’in
ordusunun operasyonları ve Kral
Porus’un güçlerine karşı yapılan ve
İskender’in ilerlemesinin sonunu işaret
eden Hydaspes Muharebesi’nin (MÖ
326) Maurya İmparatorluğu’nun
büyümesini teşvik eden ve Kautilya’nın

devlet yönetimi üzerine temel
incelemesi olan Arthashastra’ya ilham
veren askeri strateji dersleri kaynağı
olduğu iddia edilebilir. İskender’in
generallerinden biri ve Seleukos
İmparatorluğu’nun kurucusu olan I.
Seleukos Nikator, MÖ 305’te
Chandragupta Maurya tarafından
yenildi. Seleukos, kızı Helena ile Hint
hükümdarı arasında bir evlilik ittifakı
içeren bir ateşkesi kabul etti. Yunan
mitolojisindeki en büyük ve en
acımasız savaşlardan biri olan Truva
Savaşı ile ilişkilendirilen, benzer bir

isme sahip başka bir efsanevi Yunan
kadın figürü olan Truvalı Helen’in
aksine, Helena Seleukos ve Maurya
hanedanlarının barışçıl bir simbiyoz
dönemini başlattı. Bir dizi Yunanlı,
Hint imparatorlarına elçi olarak
gönderildi veya elçi olarak atandı ve
Maurya devletinin iç işleyişine dair
anlatılar bıraktı. Bu anlatılardan biri,
Kautilya’nın çağdaşı Megasthenes
tarafından yazılan ve Seleukos’un
Pataliputra’daki Chandragupta
sarayındaki elçisi olan ve daha sonraki
Yunan ve Roma yazarları tarafından
alıntılar şeklinde günümüze ulaşan
Indica’dır. Hint-Yunan (Yavana)
Krallığı, Menander I Soter (Milinda) ve
Demetrius III Aniketos (Yenilmez) gibi
seçkin devlet adamları ve askeri

komutanlar yetiştirdi.

İskender'in seferi ve Hint-Yunan
Krallığı'nın kurulması, Hint ve Yunan
medeniyetleri arasında uzun bir fiziksel
karşılaşma döneminin habercisi oldu.
Yunan düşüncesi ve bilimi, modern
öncesi Hindistan tarihinde sabit bir
unsur olarak kaldı. İslami yönetimin
sağlamlaştırılması, Yunan bilgisine
dalmış İslam dünyasının çeşitli
yerlerinden gelen bilginlerin ve bilim
adamlarının akınına yol açtı. Ayrıca,
13. yüzyıl Pers bilgini Nasir al-Din
Tusi'nin başyapıtı olan Ahlaq-i Nasiri
(Nasirean Etik) gibi siyasi ve ahlaki
öğüt literatürünün dolaşımına da
katkıda bulunmuştur. Nasirean Etik,
Yunan kaynaklarından, özellikle
Aristoteles'in Nikomakhos'a Etik'inden
ve kısmen Platon'dan türetilen fikir ve
sözlerin bir derlemesidir. Bireysel
davranışla (etik), hanenin yönetimiyle
(ekonomi) ve siyasi topluluğun
yönetimiyle (siyaset) ilgili erdemleri

ayrıntılı olarak ele alır. Tusi'nin
düşüncesinin İslam'ın orta ve doğu
topraklarında yayılması, 15. yüzyılda
seçkin bir din ve hukuk bilgini olan
Celal al-Din Dawwani tarafından
yazılan Nasirean Etik'in genişletilmiş
bir versiyonu olan Ahlaq-i Celali
(Jalalian Etik) tarafından

desteklenmiştir.

Babürlere adanmış ilk akhlaq

kaynaklarından biri, 1504'te Kâbil'i ele
geçirdikten sonra Babür'e hitaben
yazılmış olan Ahlaq-i Humayuni'dir
(Humayun Etiği). Humayun Etiği, uzak
ve karmaşık bir imparatorluk siyasetini
yönetme bağlamında ilk Babür
yöneticilerinin liderlik stilleri üzerinde
derin ve kalıcı bir etkiye sahip olan iyi
yönetim hakkında bir dizi özdeyiş
içerir. Ancak Tusi'nin Nasire Etiği'nin
Babür siyasi kültürünün gerçek temel

metinlerinden biri haline gelmesi
İmparator Ekber zamanındaydı. Babür
hanedanlığının tartışmasız en parlak
stratejisti olan Ekber, Nasire Etiği'nden
o kadar etkilenmişti ki, disleksi olduğu
için saray mensupları tarafından
düzenli olarak kendisine okunuyordu.
Büyük olasılıkla, Babür Padişahı,
Tusi'nin incelemesinde etkili siyasi
davranış ve politika yapımı için
kapsamlı ancak kullanışlı, kolay
sindirilebilir bir plan gördü. Akbar,
bunu Babür hükümet yetkilileri ve
askeri komutanlar için mutlaka
okunması gereken bir eser olarak
belirlemiştir. Tusi'nin eserlerinde yer
alan felsefi ilkelerin, Akbar'ın Fatehpur

Sikri'yi (Zafer Şehri) Babür
İmparatorluğu'nun yeni başkenti
olarak inşa etme ve sulh-i kul
(mutlak/evrensel barış) vizyonunu
desteklediğini varsaymak kadar ileri

gidebiliriz.

Benzer şekilde, Akbar'ın büyük veziri
(başbakanı) Ebu'l-Fazl tarafından
yazılan ve Akbar'ın saltanatının ünlü
coğrafyası olan Ain-i Akbari (Akbar
Enstitüleri), akhlaq yazarları
tarafından aktarıldığı şekliyle Yunan
öğretileriyle doludur. İlgi çekici

HOW ANCIENT GREECE

INFLUENCED

INDIAN STRATEGIC THOUGHT

AND STATECRAFT

VASILEIOS SYROS

Ahmet Coşkunaydın

Interaction of Greek and Indian

Civilizations

Ahmet Coşkunaydın

The history and interactions between India
and Greek Civilization, which date back
many years, and their effects on the
present day were discussed. Studies on
this subject were carried out by the well-
known Greek Professor and India expert
Vasileios Syros. You can watch this study

below:

In recent years, there have been several
initiatives to recover or reappraise
India’s indigenous strategic thought
and statecraft, especially in ancient
times. Such an endeavour requires not

only a careful scrutiny of a variety of
sources and evidence, but also an
exploration of the ways in which the
models of political and military
leadership that emerged in the Indian
subcontinent interacted with
exogenous factors.

Alexander’s expedition to India served
as the fulcrum for Greek influence, led
to the proliferation of Greek
settlements, and gave fresh impetus to
trade. It incubated the amalgamation
of Greek and Indian civilizations, a
powerful manifestation of which is the
Gandhara school of art. One could
claim that the operations of
Alexander’s army and the Battle of
Hydaspes (326 BC) against King Porus’
forces, which signalled the end of
Alexander’s advance, were a source of
lessons in military strategy that
spurred the growth of the Mauryan

Empire and inspired Kautilya’s seminal
treatise on statecraft,
the Arthashastra. Seleucus I Nicator,
one of Alexander’s generals and
founder of the Seleucid Empire, was
defeated by Chandragupta Maurya in
305 BC. Seleucus agreed to a truce that
involved a marriage alliance between
his daughter, Helena, and the Indian
ruler. Unlike another legendary Greek
female figure with a similar-sounding
name, Helen of Troy, who was
associated with the Trojan War, one of
the biggest and most brutal wars in
Greek mythology, Helena ushered in a
period of peaceful symbiosis of the
Seleucid and Mauryan dynasties. A
number of Greeks were sent as
emissaries or were appointed envoys to
the Indian emperors and left accounts
of the inner workings of the Mauryan
state. One of such narratives is
the Indica, which was written by

Kautilya’s contemporary, Megasthenes,
Seleucus’ ambassador to
Chandragupta’s court in Pataliputra,
and has survived in the form of
quotations by later Greek and Roman
authors. The Indo-Greek (Yavana)
Kingdom produced illustrious
statesmen and military commanders,
such as Menander I Soter (Milinda)
and Demetrius III Aniketos (the
Invincible).

Alexander’s campaign and the creation
of the Indo-Greek Kingdom heralded a
long phase of physical encounters
between the Indian and Greek
civilizations. Greek thought and
science remained a constant element in
the history of pre-modern India. The
consolidation of Islamic rule facilitated
the influx of scholars and scientists
from various parts of the Islamic world
who were steeped in Greek learning. It

also contributed to the circulation of
political and moral advice literature,
such as the Akhlaq-i Nasiri (Nasirean
Ethics), the magnum opus of the 13 th –
century Persian polymath Nasir al-Din
Tusi. The Nasirean Ethics is a
compilation of ideas and dicta derived
from Greek sources, particularly
Aristotle’s Νicomachean
Ethics and partly Plato. It expatiates
upon the virtues related to individual
conduct (ethics), the management of
the household (economics), and the
government of the political community
(politics). The diffusion of Tusi’s
thought in the central and eastern
lands of Islam was given a boost by
the Akhlaq-i Jalali (Jalalian Ethics),   an
expanded version of the Nasirean
Ethics, composed by Jalal al-Din
Dawwani, a distinguished religious and
legal scholar, in the 15 th  century.
One of the first akhlaq sources
dedicated to the Mughals is
the Akhlaq-i Humayuni (Ethics of
Humayun), which was addressed to
Babur, after he took over Kabul in
1504. The Ethics of Humayun contain
a set of maxims about good
government that had a deep and
lasting impact on the leadership styles
of the first Mughal rulers in the context
of running a far-flung and complex
imperial polity. But it was in Emperor
Akbar’s time that Tusi’s Nasirean
Ethics evolved into one of the truly
foundational texts of Mughal political
culture. Akbar, arguably the most
brilliant strategist of the Mughal
dynasty, was so captivated by
the Nasirean Ethics that he, being
dyslexic, had it read to him by his
courtiers on a regular basis. Most
probably, the Mughal Padishah saw in
Tusi’s treatise a comprehensive yet

handy, easily digestible blueprint for
effective political conduct and policy-
making. Akbar prescribed it as a must-
read for Mughal government officials
and military commanders. One could
go far as to hypothesize that the
philosophical tenets enshrined in
Tusi’s oeuvre underpinned Akbar’s
grandiose project to build Fatehpur
Sikri (City of Victory) as the new
capital of the Mughal Empire and his
vision of sulh-i kul (absolute/universal
peace).

Similarly, the Ain-i Akbari (Institutes
of Akbar), the famous gazetteer of
Akbar’s reign composed by his grand
vizier (prime minister), Abu’l-Fazl, is
suffused with Greek teachings, as
transmitted by akhlaq writers.
Intriguingly, Abu’l-Fazl drew
upon yunani medicine and the
humoral theory of the Greek physician

Galen to delineate a pattern of social
organization consisting of four main
professional groups:
warriors; craftsmen and merchants;
the learned; farmers and workers,
which were perceived to represent the
four elements, namely fire, air, water,
and earth, respectively. Other
important specimens of Mughal
political literature that reflect the
residual influence of Tusi’s Nasirean
Ethics and Greek thought include
the Mau‛izah-i Jahangiri (Admonition
for Jahangir) and the Akhlaq-i
Jahangiri (Ethics of Jahangir) (both
early 17 th  century).

Akhlaq works were “best sellers” not
only in the Indo-Islamic world, but also
in other regions of Islam. Abu’l-Fazl’s
rough contemporary in Istanbul,
Kınalızade Ali Çelebi penned
the Ahlak-ı Alai (Sublime

Ethics/Ethics of Ali) that was destined
to become one of the major sources of
Ottoman political discourse.
The akhlaq genre and its variants
remained one of the prevalent modes
of writing about politics until the first
half of the 20 th  century, as evidenced by
a corpus of Urdu texts that discuss
topics reminiscent of Tusi, Dawwani,
and the Greeks. Copies and Urdu
translations of Dawwani’s Jalalian
Ethics were printed in the 19 th  century
in Lucknow, Kanpur, and other cities,
and a solid English translation
appeared in Lahore in 1939.
The akhlaq retained its appeal even
beyond the realm of Islamic ethics:
Hindus, who attended madrasas for
administrative training, imbibed the
spirit of the Greek classics by engaging
in the study and interpretation
of akhlaq manuals and advice
literature in Arabic and Persian. Henry

George Keene, who worked for the East
India Company and later
taught Persian and Arabic at the East
India Company College in Haileybury,
published in 1867 an English
translation of the Akhlaq-i-
Muhsini (Muhsinian Ethics), a
distillation of earlier akhlaq doctrines
by the 15 th -century Persian literatus
Husayn Wa‛iz Kashifi, who also
produced a collection of didactic tales
and fables in Persian based on
the Kalila wa-Dimna and, by
extension, on the Panchatantra.
Keene’s translation was integrated into
the College’s educational program for
the administrators of the East India
Company.

Prof. Vasileios Syros is a Distinguished
Fellow at the Centre for Military
History and Conflict Studies at the
United Service Institution of India

(USI). He is a former Greek Chair
Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru
University (JNU).

This article is based on the author’s op-
ed “How Ancient Greece influenced
Indian strategic thought and
statecraft,” The Sunday Guardian
(December 8,
2024) https://sundayguardianlive.com
/investigation/how-ancient-greece-
influenced-indian-strategic-thought-
and-statecraft

Yunan ve Hint Medeniyeti Etkileşimi yazısı ilk önce Basın Milletin Hür sesidir üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

October 10th has been recognized as the ‘World Clock & Watch Making Day’

The clock, first used by the Ancient Egyptians around 4000 BCE, has continued to be an inseparable part of our lives for centuries.
In order to remind and emphasize the importance of clocks in human life, the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ICOC) Clockmaking and Opticianry Professional Committee Assembly has designated October 10th as the ‘World Clock & Watch Making Day’ in line with its decision.The ICOC Clockmaking and Opticianry Professional Committee Chairman Mahmut Şevket Arıkan stated that they support World Clock & Watch Making Day and that it will raise awareness about the sector.
Hayrettin Akpınar, President of the Micromechanics and Clock & Watch Technologies Education and Research Foundation, established in Bursa to carry out all kinds of scientific and technical studies for the education and development of the clock & watch making profession and micromechanics technology, also emphasized the importance of World Clock & Watch Making Day. For this reason, he stated that they will participate with events specific to ‘World Clock & Watch Making Day’ at the foundation’s headquarters to show their support.

Ahmet Kadri Aydın, Chairman of the All Watchmaker Businessmen Association (TÜSAD), also expressed his contentment with the declaration of October 10th as the ‘World Clock & Watch Making Day’.
M. Çağrı Gündoğdu, Ph.D., the committee assembly member of the ICOC Clockmaking and Opticianry Professional Committee, defined clock & watch making as ‘a beautiful and meaningful profession that engages with timepieces, which are not only used to measure time, the most limited resource we have as human beings, but also remind us the most important and valuable moments of our lives. Sometimes worn on our wrists, sometimes resting over our hearts, they can save a life or even a nation, and they are indispensable complements that accompany us in our living spaces.
Gündoğdu emphasized that clock and watch making is one of the rarest professions that also represents a tradition passed down from generation to generation. As clock and watch makers, he pointed out that almost all of us have been striving to continue this legacy, which we see not just as a profession but as a life journey, bound by such deep emotional connections over many years
Gündoğdu stated that there is no doubt that it is impossible to capture the meaning and significance of clock and watch making in just one day. However, he expressed his happiness at the opportunity to introduce the idea of celebrating such a day for the first time in order to create sector-specific awareness. In addition to these, he continued to express his excitement regarding their visit to Japan with the ICOC Clockmaking and Opticianry Committee just after its being accepted by the ICOC Assembly, which also has served as a milestone for the World Clock and Watch Making day to be recognized worldwide considering the fact that Japan is one of the biggest actors in terms of watch & clock imports all around the world. Finally, special thanks to the Ambassador of Türkiye to Japan, Korkut Güngen, H.E. for his support and valuable contributions. Last but not least, visits to announce October 10th as the World Clock & Watch Making Day will be continued globally.

October 10th has been recognized as the ‘World Clock & Watch Making Day’ The clock, first used by the Ancient Egyptians around 4000 BCE, has continued to be an inseparable part of our lives for centuries. In order to remind and emphasize the importance of clocks in human life, the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ICOC) Clockmaking and Opticianry Professional Committee Assembly has designated October 10th as the ‘World Clock & Watch Making Day’ in line with its decision. yazısı ilk önce Basın Milletin Hür sesidir üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

PS 2024 started in Dubai…

Dubai World Trade Center of the United Arab Emirates, IPS 2024 Dubai UAE International Real Estate and Investment Fair, which started today, will continue until February 29, 2024.

International Property Show (IPS), considered the Middle East’s Largest Property Sales Platform for local and international real estate markets. This premium platform offers special opportunities to investors. It will enable developers to sell their project proposals at much lower prices and is considered an attractive fair for property seekers who want to explore a wide range of properties.

International Property Show organizes interactive events in Dubai, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and GCC. With this fair, the latest real estate trends are discussed, opening new avenues for investors and making them a part of the investment community.

Giving information to the Eurasia news agency, fair officials said, “IPS brings together first-class real estate participants from various sectors to establish long-term customer relationships and offer profitable business opportunities. “As a holistic platform, it helps to gain a crystal clear insight into the latest trends and events in the global real estate industry,” he said.

All real estate needs and demands are met effectively with the companies participating in the fair. IPS, a globally acclaimed real estate fair, is where you can witness and help you access excellent real estate opportunities. Showcasing at IPS Dubai to execute ground-breaking real estate transactions across a wide range of real estate avenues.

It is reported that UAE Fair, Dubai Fair, Sharjah Fair were visited on the first day: 20,089 Visitors.

Regarding the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ITO) Fair, the square meter price in the fair area was determined as 1500 dollars, and the minimum stand area was determined as 9 square meters.

Visit us at the International Property Show (IPS) held at Dubai World Trade Center from 27-29 February!

Explore the global real estate market with:

🔹 Participants from 45 countries
🔹 Pavilions for countries from Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Spain, India, Pakistan and Georgia.
🔹Meeting with the presidents of real estate associations
🔹Learn from top speakers through real estate conference

IPS 2024 started in Dubai… yazısı ilk önce Basın Milletin Hür sesidir üzerinde ortaya çıktı.